The Mobility Ecosystem: the changing landscape and the need for fresh, new ideas (Part 12: A Look into the Future)

12 Saturday Jun 2021

Posted by John L. Craig in 5.9 GHz, 5G, Alternative Delivery, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Asset & Life Cycle Management, Augmented Reality (AR), Autonomous Vehicles, Batteries, Biological Diversity, Business Transformation, Clean Energy, Climate, Cloud Services, Collaboration, Communications, Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV), COVID-19, Cyber-security, Design, Drones, Dynamic Transportation Management, Economics, Economy, Education, Electric Vehicles, Environment, Funding, Future, Gas-Fueled Vehicles, Government & Policy, History, Homo sapiens, Infrastructure, Intelligent Infrastructure, Intelligent Transportation Systems or ITS, Internet of Things or IoT, Interstate, Investing, Leadership, Lidar, Machine Control, Materials, Mobility, Mobility Ecosystem, Multimodal, Operations, Pandemic, Partnerships and Collaboration, Pedestrians, Planning, Relationships, Resilience, Results, Ride Sharing, Robotics, Safety, Social Justice and Equity, Society, Strategic Planning, Sustainability, Technology, Transportation, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Virtual Reality (VR)

≈ Leave a comment

To some extent, transportation, mobility, and its infrastructure has always been a bit of a “Rorschach test.” That is that everyone, at least every American, sees something different as to what it is, what it is supposed to do, and what they want. So it is little wonder that there is a challenge in developing a strategy, consensus, and alignment in an industry with increasing social, economic, and environmental aspects to address.

No one really knows what the future holds although there is merit in the statement that “the only way to determine the future is to invent it.” There is a premise by futurists that the future can be viewed as a “cone of possibilities” which seems a reasonable approach. A Buzz Feed internet article entitled “Futurists tell us the most amazing and scary things to expect in the future” was posted on Apple News December 3, 2020 (Spohr, 2020). Some of the future mobility is described as follows.

…thinking about BuzzFeed’s younger readers, many of whom will live to see calendar years even more mind-bogglingly futuristic, like 2080, 2090, and even 2100. What will life be like for them over the course of their lives? How many changes will they see over the next 10–80 years?

To find out, BuzzFeed connected with some of the world’s leading futurists and asked them to forecast what the years to come might bring. Here are their fascinating and thought-provoking insights:

Public transit will be radically different in the future — and traffic will be a thing of the past.

Twentieth century public transit will be replaced by private transportation in van-sized smaller vehicles and single-person pods, driving on roads that are rarely congested because everybody follows tools like Waze which work together with cities to stop too many cars bunching up in the same place before they get there.”
— Brad Templeton

Family road trips will be in self-driving recreational vehicles accessorized with robot assistants and food replicators.

Self-driving RVs will pick you up from your home and be pre-programmed to drive the route you chose (including parking themselves in the designated spaces in RV parks), and they’ll stop along the way at national parks…with reservations, of course. The RV will have internet-on-the-go to allow the kids to play computer games when the vehicle is in motion. The entertainment module will be tailored to the child’s age and interests so that you will never hear, ‘Are we there yet?’ The RVs will be equipped with food replicators, so if the parents don’t want to cook, they won’t have to. Robots will handle the setup and tear down, including making sure that the black water is flushed. All the family has to do is enjoy their time together on this all-inclusive holiday.”
— Joyce Gioia

There is increasingly speculation on the future, not to mention the impact of changing technologies on skill sets and the need to re-educate the changing workforce (Shea, 2021; Michal, 2021). Even Warren Buffet was slow to recognize the important role of technology in our society (Gandel, 2021). The point, we must remain open to change otherwise we risk getting stuck (Hawrylack, 2021). This is a dynamic in human nature.

There are also studies and ideas that have been generated such as what should the future of the interstate highway system be? (The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, 2018)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration or NASA innovations and products for space exploration have been adopted for use by our society. Most recently, NASAs 2020 Rover, a car sized vehicle has been developed along with a helicopter to learn more about the Martian planet (Adams, 2021). NASA developments will likely continue to add to our transportation-mobility arena and society as a whole.

While this series of blogs has dealt primarily with ground surface transportation and mobility, changes are afoot in other modes. For example, some airlines and investors are betting on electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) to replace helicopters (Subin, 2021; LeBeau, 2021). Many want an improved passenger rail system (Benson, 2021). The Elon Musk inspired Hyperloop is estimated to exceed speeds of over 700 miles per hour and there are companies around the world working to make this a reality. Still, there are technical and economic issues to overcome (Silic, 2021; Kim and McNabb, 2020). Musk has even asserted that while the California High Speed Rail costs exceed $68 billion, the Hyperloop could be built to span the same distance for $6 billion (Nicol, 2018). There is the topic of smart roads (Integrated Roadways, n.d.).

The only thing that is certain is that the transportation and mobility space is changing, and rapidly.

There are discussions, trends, and research on the departments of transportation of the future (Fuchs and Shehadeh, 2017), thinking beyond cars (Busch, 2017), automated drive-thru meals (Metz, 2021), need for greater equity (Lydersen, 2020), easing poverty (Korman, 2021), electrifying transportation for low income communities (Citizens Utility Board of Illinois, 2020), data management (Center for Digital Government, 2020), big data to relieve congestion (Neumann, 2015), getting broadband across the United States and especially rural areas (Harrison, 2021), reducing traffic congestion and saving costs using AI and V2X (V2X=vehicle to everything) technologies (Carey, 2021), 5.9 GHz (Bhatt and Tymon, 2021), 5G (Fulton, 2021; Wachsman, 2021), smart roads and inductive charging (McFarland, 2021; Stout, 2020; Integrated Roadways, n.d.), cloud services for transportation agencies (AWS, n.d.; Silver, 2021; Matteson, 2021; Silver, n.d.), increasing citizen needs for digital technology in local governments (Schiavone, 2021; Rock Solid, n.d.; Pew Research Center, 2021), growth of micromobility (Miller, 2021), reimagine delivery with drones (Drone Delivery Canada, 2021), reinventing container shipping (Saxon and Stone, 2017), changing logistics (vanValkenburgh, 2021), renewed nature-based solutions (Miller and Huber, 2021), renewed emphasis on resiliency (Schmitz, 2021), increasing environmental issues (Teirstein, 2021; Woodyatt, 2020; Phillips, 2019; Irfan, 2019), how to rebuild America’s infrastructure (Della Rocca, et al, 2017), funding (Wehrman, 2021; Lombardo, 2021), bridging infrastructure gaps (Woetzel et al, 2016), private infrastructure financing (Budden, 2017; Parsons, 2021), new innovations in project financing, delivery, and public-private partnerships (U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highways Administration, 2021; Glazier, 2020), and many others. Others speculate on the future of mobility in cities (Harrouk, 2019), the future of autonomous vehicles in business (Gifford, 2017; Lamb, 2019), and an increasingly long line of public and private organizations committing to 100 percent electric vehicles in the next 10-20 years (Bascome, 2021), lessons in electric vehicle launches (Turkel, 2021), generator-equipped electronic vehicles (Morales, 2021), electric buses (Carroll, 2021), growing fleets of electric cabs (Lambert, 2021), electric delivery vehicles (Adams, 2021), electric heavy trucks (Reuters, 2021), design changes in electric vehicles (Korn, 2021), death of the gas-fueled vehicle (Hamza, 2021; Westbrook, 2020; van Lierop, 2020; Evannex, 2018; King, 2016), electronic vehicles will have 100% of the market by 2040 (Entrepreneur, 2021), the need for additional electric power production (Markets and Markets, 2020; Hull and Malik, 2021), new tools (Remix, 2021), some future implications of zero emission vehicles ( Robinson, 2021), expanded broadband (Pressgrove, 2021; McEwen, 2020), smart cities (Napolitano, et al, 2021), mundane mobility including sidewalks (Descant, 2021), fragility of the supply chain (Naughton and Colias, 2021; Ziady, 2021; Thorbecke, 2021), use of highway medians for other transportation purposes including monorail (Ohnsman, 2021), where Covid-19 has accelerated change (McKinsey & Company 2021), flying cars and driverless buses (Broom 2021), continuing developments in mobility technology (Heineke, et al, 2019), and the need to view infrastructure as a system (Smith, 2020). For now in the transportation space, cities are becoming greener, climate change continues largely unabated, and the impacts of the Pandemic continue with an uncertain future (Baruchman, 2021; Ariza and Harris, 2021; EPA, n.d.; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering Medicine, 2021; vanValkenburgh, 2021b; Frueh, 2021; Lowry, 2021). These are all legitimate forward-looking “think pieces”, products, and services and are needed.

It is also important to remember we live in one world with one global economy and environment (Shalal and Lawder, 2021; Whalen, 2021; Reuters Staff, 2021).

Some aspects of these futures and ideas may materialize but they are just that, speculations on what the future of mobility may look like. What the future holds will likely be messy and not simple (Putnam, 2021; Gifford, 2017). While it can be entertaining and thought-provoking to consider these futures, no one really knows what the future holds.

To emphasize that no one really can predict the future even though many have some basis, it is interesting to look back at some predictions made only a few years ago. For example, pre-2015 (Carroll, 2014; Eaves, 2007; Frey, 2008; Threewitt, 2012) and post-2015 which is closer to what we know now (Marsh & McLennan Agency, 2018; The National Express Transit, 2019; Mire, 2019; Cunningham, 2017; Thansis1997, 2018; Goodnet, 2016; Frey, 2021). To my surprise, there are even futurist schools (The Futurist Institute). And then there are the pundits speculating on the future of transportation stocks and companies that are disrupting the transportation industry (Whiteman, 2021; Sandre, 2017).

There is the issue of what long term effects the Covid-19 Pandemic will have on transportation, mobility, and freight (Furchtgott-Roth, 2021; Polzin and Choi, 2021; Goodman et al, 2021) and warning signs of a longer pandemic (Baker, 2021).

There is also the continuous drumbeat of the need for infrastructure investment (Landers, 2021; Infrastructure Report Card, 2021). I would add to this the need for social and environmental investment since they are not mutually exclusive.

Throughout this series of blogs there has been very little attention to other areas of the transportation and mobility space such the arena of logistics and supply chains which reflect the entire system through a freight lens.

Being somewhat simplistic, we know a few things with a very high level of certainty relative to the future of transportation and mobility:

America’s transportation systems are long overdue for increased investment. As the new Biden Administration proposes massive funding initiatives for transportation infrastructure, technology will play a critical role in enabling a modernized, next-generation transportation system. A new reliable and sustainable funding model to replace the fuel tax is part of this.

Autonomous, electric vehicles, V2V, V2I, V2X, adaptive traffic signals, electronic tolling/user fees, advanced machine learning, artificial intelligence, 5G, and asset management tools using the Internet of Things, will all be foundational building blocks of a modern system.

A modernized system will combat climate change and meet constituents’ changing needs, including equity, social and environmental justice.

These systems will require a fresh approach to how information is acquired, managed and analyzed as they require the processing of petabytes of data in real time. Cloud computing and edge computing will be part of this mix considering the enormous amount of data involved.

Many are looking, exploring, and building the future of mobility and transportation, it happens a piece at a time, and like other infrastructure and systems that society depends on, is sorely needed (The Commission on the Future of Mobility, 2021). The potential for information overload is a likely risk and part of this mix, as it is presently, and must be effectively dealt with (Sammer, 2021).

The interests and impacts of transportation and mobility are vast with far-reaching impacts to our society, the economy and environment. There is likely no one that is not impacted. Although what an average family spends on transportation can vary from 13 percent to 30 percent of their income depending on various factors to include income, a common percentage used is 16 cents of every dollar, and 93% of this goes to buying, maintaining, and operating cars, the largest expenditure after housing ( Elite Personal Finance, 2021; Cautero, 2021; ITDP, 2019; Financial Samurai, 2020; Miller, 2021; U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, n.d.; American Public Transportation Association, 2021).

This has been a broad, somewhat rambling, series through the mobility ecosystem and has not touched a great many areas and topics but, hopefully, has touched upon the major ones. As travelers, explorers, and citizens of the earth, we must continue our aspiration to understand and sustain our built-natural environment, and the mobility ecosystem, before they become unsustainable. This series has not given proper attention to a host or organizations (public, private, academic, and others) that are making substantial contributions toward the challenges and opportunities facing the mobility ecosystem. Some of these and associated organizations include the United States Department of Transportation and its modal administrations and offices, state departments of transportation, city and county associations, the National Academies including the Transportation Research Board, American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials and their regional associations, Intelligent Transportation Society of America, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Road and Transportation Builders Association, Associated General Contractors of America and their state chapters, American Council of Engineering Companies and affiliates, National Society of Professional Engineers and affiliates, National Society of Black Engineers and affiliates, Women in Transportation Society and affiliates, Women in Transportation Society International, Society of women Engineers, National Association of Women in Construction, American Society of Civil Engineers and affiliates, Society of American Military Engineers and associated posts, Green Roads, World Road Federation, International Road Federation, International Bridge, Tunnel, and Turnpike Association, Engineering News Record, American Trucking Association and state chapters, American Public Transportation Association and state affiliates, Association of American Railroads, colleges and universities including University Transportation Centers, and others. Other companies too numerous to name helping to lead the way include auto and truck manufactures, technology companies (including AI, 5G, web services, data services, edge computing), safety (National Safety Council and affiliates, American Traffic Safety Services Association, Association of Transportation Information Safety Professionals, and many others), finance agencies including bonding, other agencies (federal, state, and local), interest groups of all kinds (including the American Automobile Association), and many other important organizations that not only add to our body of knowledge through studies, reports, webinars, conferences, news and other means to advance our mutual interests reflecting a cross-section of our society, economy, and environment. My apologies for the many organizations I have not acknowledged.

Dr. “Kevin” Bao also provides an interesting perspective on how leaders should respond to crises and opportunities. (Steele, 2021). Perhaps this can help in our efforts to clearly, objectively, and urgently address the challenges ahead.

The National Academy of Engineering, National Academies, is bringing many previously disparate and fragmented disciplines and areas of scholarship of complex systems into more holistic thinking (Madhavan et al, 2020). It is challenging and difficult work to digest such broad knowledge but it is an important start to a better way forward, in transportation, mobility, and other areas. After all, a unifying characteristic of complex systems is that they are driven by human behavior, and human thinking.

Of course an elephant in the room is what impact will the $1.9 trillion Covid relief package have on our society, economy, environment, and people’s lives to include the transportation and mobility space (Pramuk, 2021; Morris, 2021).

The new Biden Administration also envisions a once in a century opportunity to change transportation—a new transportation era—comparing this opportunity to the interstate highway system started under President Eisenhower and the transcontinental railroad started under President Lincoln (Yen, 2021). As such, the Administration continues to pursue a robust $2.3 trillion infrastructure plan (Tankersley, et al, 2021). While the majority of Americans support this and there is a verifiable need, it is also a “heavy lift” considering the complexities of our modern day society and politics.

There is also the underlying discussion of how to best democratize the Internet and social media without interfering with the great good these tools provide (IoTeX, 2020; Newcomb, 2016; Smith, 2019; Edinger, 2021; Vicente, 2020; Susaria, 2021; Edinger, 2021).

Recently, the first Nobel Prize Summit was held and attended by Nobel Prize Laureates and other experts. The summit was convened to promote a transformation to global sustainability for human prosperity and equity. As was pointed out, time is the natural resource in shortest supply. This summit was established amid a global pandemic, a crisis of inequality, an ecological crisis, a climate crisis, and an informational crisis. Without transformational action this decade, humanity is taking colossal risks with our common future. The future of all life on this planet, humans and our societies included requires us to become effective stewards in creating a harmonious biosphere and society. This includes inherent infrastructure and mobility. The bottom line, there is now an existential need to build economies and societies that support Earth system harmony rather than disrupt it. In summary, we need to reinvent our relationship with planet Earth as we build this new future. (The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, 2021)

There is an adage that says the only way to predict the future is to invent, or create, it. There are myriad efforts in that direction. To that end we may be seeing the private sector emerging to lead that future while the public sector follows.

Which takes us back to the quote at the beginning of Part 1 in this series:

The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking.”
― Albert Einstein

Literature Cited

Adams, R.D. (2021, February 12). Photos: Perseverance rover nears the Red Planet ahead of its Martian debut. TechRepublic. Retrieved May 21, 2021, from https://www.techrepublic.com/pictures/photos-perseverance-rover-nears-the-red-planet-ahead-of-its-martian-debut

Adams, R.D. (2021, March 23, 2021). EV “microfactory” announced as fuel-efficient shipping fleets take center stage. TechRepublic. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/ev-microfactory-announced-as-fuel-efficient-shipping-fleets-take-center-stage

American Public Transportation Association. (2021). Public transportation facts. American Public Transportation Association. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.apta.com/news-publications/public-transportation-facts/

Ariza, M. and A. Harris. (2021, March 19). Miles of Florida roads face ‘major problem’ from sea rise. Is state moving fast enough? South Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/environment/fl-ne-sea-level-rise-threatens-florida-roads-20210319-lcheqk6p4rcb5ivprpzfqg3wfq-story.html

AWS. (n.d.). Cloud 101 for transportation agencies and authorities. AWS. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.smartbrief.com/whitepapers/F64A1D18-6CC6-4832-91BD-BDCA04658D58/AWS_Whitepaper_Cloud_0321_FinalX2.pdf

Baker, S. (2021, April 12). The warning signs of a longer pandemic. AXIOS. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-pandemic-variants-vaccines-ffd86d47-2a74-4285-b0d9-4f5a42febf6c.html

Baruchman, M. (2021, March 18). ‘Major area’ of Seattle could forbid most cars under city’s new, greener transportation plan. The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/seattle-releases-goals-to-electrify-transportation-system/

Bascome, E. (2021, March 5). FedEx commits to deploying onlly electric vehicles by 2040. Government Technology. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/transportation/fedex-commits-to-deploying-only-electric-vehicles-by-2040.html

Benson, T. (2021, February 13). It’s high time for the U.S. to build a high-speed rail network. DigitalTrends. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.digitaltrends.com/features/biden-high-speed-rail/

Bhatt, S. and J. Tymon. (2021, March 11). Letter to Secretary Buttigieg, Secretary Raimondo, and Director Deese. Intelligent Transportation Society of America and AASHTO. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://itsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ITSA-AASHTO-V2X-Letter-March-11_2021.pdf

Broom, D. (2021, April 1). Flying cars and driverless buses – the future of urban mobility has landed. World Economic Forum. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/low-emission-flying-cars-future-of-cities/

Budden, B. (2017, April 12). The debate over private infrastructure financing in the United States. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/private-equity-and-principal-investors/our-insights/the-debate-over-private-infrastructure-financing-in-the-united-states

Busch, R. (2017, October 20). Disrupting transportation: we need to think bigger than cars. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-logistics-and-infrastructure/our-insights/disrupting-transportation-we-need-to-think-bigger-than-cars

Carey, C. (2021, February 23). Smart traffic management could save cities US$277 billion by 2025. Cities Today. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://cities-today.com/smart-traffic-management-could-save-cities-us277-billion-by-2025/

Carroll, E. (2014, March 26). 10 futuristic forms of transportation we could see soon. ListVerse. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://listverse.com/2014/03/26/10-futuristic-forms-of-transportation-we-could-see-soon/

Carroll, M. (2021, March 17). Battery electric buses will be part of Spokane City Line launch planned for 2022. Microsoft News. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/battery-electric-buses-will-be-part-of-spokane-city-line-launch-planned-for-2022/ar-BB1eHlO0

Cautero R.M. (2021, May 24). Breakdown of average monthly household expenses. The Balance. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.thebalance.com/breakdown-of-average-monthly-household-expenses-4687519

Center for Digital Government. (2020). A pathway for achieving modern data management in transportation & infrastructure. Center for Digital Government. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://media.erepublic.com/document/CDG20_BRIEF_VeritasCS_Trans_V.pdf

Citizens Utility Board of Illinois. (2020). EV for all: electrifying transportation in low-income communities. Citizens Utility Board of Illinois. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.citizensutilityboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/EV-for-All.pdf

Cunningham, A. (2017, January 31). Public transportation of the future: four new sustainable technologies. Building Design & Construction. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.bdcnetwork.com/blog/public-transportation-future-four-new-sustainable-technologies

Della Rocca, M., R. Duvall, R. Palter. (2017, March 1). The road to renewal: how to rebuild America’s infrastructure. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-logistics-and-infrastructure/our-insights/the-road-to-renewal-how-to-rebuild-americas-infrastructure

Descant, S. (2021, March 19). In the COVID recovery, don’t overlook ‘mundane mobility.” Government Technology. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/fs/in-the-covid-recovery-dont-overlook-mundane-mobility.html

Drone Delivery Canada. (2021). Reimagining the way you deliver. Drone Delivery Canada. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://dronedeliverycanada.com/

Eaves, E. (2007, October 15). The futurists. Forbes. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/2007/10/13/futurist-business-consultant-tech-future07-cx_ee_1015futurist.html?sh=4582507217d3

Edinger, J. (2021, March 26). Drawing a line between Internet trolls and the First Amendment. Government Technology. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/policy/drawing-a-line-between-internet-trolls-and-the-first-amendment.html

Edinger, J. (2021, April 7). Could regulating social media companies fix the Internet? Government Technology. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/policy/could-regulating-social-media-companies-fix-the-internet.html

Elite Personal Finance. (2021, June 9). Average household budget and expenses in America 2021. Elite Personal Finance. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.elitepersonalfinance.com/average-household-budget/

Entrepreneur. (2021, March 10). Tesla is facing an unlikely competitor in the electric vehicle market. Entrepreneur. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/366903

EPA. (n.d.). Sources of greenhouse gas emissions. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

Evannex. (2018, September 22). Here’s seven reasons why electric vehicles will kill the gas car. InsideEVs. Retrieved May 24, 2021, from https://insideevs.com/news/340502/heres-seven-reasons-why-electric-vehicles-will-kill-the-gas-car/

Financial Sumurai. (2020, November 20). Average vs. recommended expenditure on housing, food, transportation. Financial Samurai. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.financialsamurai.com/average-vs-recommended-expenditure-on-housing-food-transportation/

Frey, T. (2008, May 22). 2050 and the future of transportation. Futurist Speaker. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://futuristspeaker.com/future-scenarios/2050-and-the-future-of-transportation

Frey, T. (2021, February 11). Urban drone air ports: here’s what to expect! Futurist Speaker. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://futuristspeaker.com/category/future-of-transportation/

Frueh, S. (2021, March 16). Decarbonizing the U.S. economy in a way that’s fast and fair. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2021/03/decarbonizing-the-u-s-economy-in-a-way-thats-fast-and-fair

Fuchs, S. and R. Shehadeh. (2017, October 19). The department of transportation of the future. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-logistics-and-infrastructure/our-insights/the-department-of-transportation-of-the-future

Fulton III, S. (2021, February 1). 5G and edge computing: how it will affect the enterprise in the next five years. ZDNet. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.zdnet.com/article/5g-and-edge-computing-how-it-will-affect-the-enterprise-in-the-next-five-years

Furchtgott-Roth, D. (2021, March 1). Covid’s transportation tsunami. Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Inc. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.city-journal.org/remote-work-changing-transportation-habits-infrastructure-spending

Gandal, S. (2021, March 2). Warren Buffett has made $100 billion on his investment in Apple. CBS News. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/warren-buffett-apple-investment-100-billion/

Gifford, D. (2017, December 13). The future of the automobile is autonomous, and your business is likely to feel the effect. The Business Journals. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/how-to/growth-strategies/2017/12/the-future-of-the-automobile-is-autonomous-and.html

Glazier, K. (2020, December 14). Arizona IDB Lincoln deal delivers key project in innovative way. The Bond Buyer. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.bondbuyer.com/news/arizona-idb-lincoln-deal-delivers-key-project-in-innovative-way

Goodman, P.S., A. Stevenson, N. Chokshi, M. Corkery. (2021, March 6). ‘I’ve never seen anything like this’: chaos strikes global shipping. The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www-nytimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.nytimes.com/2021/03/06/business/global-shipping.amp.html

Goodnet. (2016, August 30). 6 incredibly innovative transportation systems of the future. Goodnet. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.goodnet.org/articles/6-incredibly-innovative-transportation-systems-future

Hamza. (2021, March 23). Are electric vehicles poised to kill the gasoline engine car? Welcome to the ‘golden age’ of EVs. Cars-care. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://cars-care.net/are-electric-vehicles-poised-to-kill-the-gasoline-engine-car-welcome-to-the-golden-age-of-evs/

Harrison, L. (2021, February 25). ConnectMaine expands affordable broadband across the state. Government Technology. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/workforce/connectmaine-exapands-affordable-broadband-across-the-state.html

Harrouk, C. (2019, November 4). City of the future explores the future of mobility in cities. ArchDaily. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/927723/city-of-the-future-explores-the-future-of-mobility-in-cities

Hawrylack, S. (2021, February 25). 12 workplace behaviors that are aging you by a decade. The Ladders. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.theladders.com/career-advice/12-workplace-behaviors-that-are-aging-you-by-a-decade?

Heineke, K. A. Ménard, F. Södergren, M. Wrulich. (2019, June 27). Development in the mobility technology ecosystem – how can 5G help? McKinsey & Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/development-in-the-mobility-technology-ecosystem-how-can-5g-help

Hull, D. and N.S. Malik. (2021, March 8). Tesla is plugging a secret mega-battery into the Texas grid. Bloomberg Green. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-08/tesla-is-plugging-a-secret-mega-battery-into-the-texas-grid

Infrastructure Report Card. (2021). America’s infrastructure scores a C-. Infrastructure Report Card. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://infrastructurereportcard.org/

Integrated Roadways. (n.d.). Say hello to the real information super highway. Integrated Roadways. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from http://integratedroadways.com/

IoTeX. (2020, December 28). Democratizing the Internet of Things. IoT For All. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.iotforall.com/democratizing-the-internet-of-things

Irfan, U. (2019, November 18). Brazil’s Amazon rainforest destruction is at its highest rate in more than a decade. Vox. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/11/18/20970604/amazon-rainforest-2019-brazil-burning-deforestation-bolsonaro

ITDP. (2019, May 23). The high cost of transportation in the United States. Institute for Transportation & Development Policy. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.itdp.org/2019/05/23/high-cost-transportation-united-states/

Kim, A. and N. McNabb. (2020, October 9). Virgin Hyperloop selects West Virginia as the future home of its new high-tech certification center. CNN Business. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/09/tech/virgin-hyperloop-west-virginia-trnd/index.html

King, A. (2016, February 28). How EVs could kill gasoline cars starting in the 2020s. Jalopnik. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://jalopnik.com/how-evs-could-kill-gasoline-cars-starting-in-the-2020s-1761822759

Korman, R. (2021, March 15). Infrastructure bill can ease poverty. Engineering News-Record. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.enr.com/articles/51407-if-done-right-the-coming-infrastructure-bill-can-ease-poverty

Korn, M. (2021, April 11). Giant screens, spartan interiors: electric vehicles go high tech. ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://abcnews.go.com/Business/designers-futuristic-electric-vehicle-interiors/story?id=76931915

Lamb, E. (2019, October 2). Autonomous, electric infrastructure will expand with demand, experts say. Transport Topics. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.ttnews.com/articles/autonomous-electric-infrastructure-will-expand-demand-experts-say

Lambert, F. (2021, April 2). Tesla Model 3 becomes more popular as NYC yellow cab. Electrek. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://electrek-co.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/electrek.co/2021/04/02/tesla-model-3-becomes-more-popular-nyc-yellow-cab/amp/

Landers, J. (2021, March 3). ASCE’s 2021 report card marks the nations’s infrastructure progress. Civil Engineering Source. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://source.asce.org/asces-2021-report-card-marks-the-nations-infrastructure-progress/

LeBeau, P. (2021, February 10). United Airlines orders electric vertical airxraft, invest in urban air mobility SPAC. CNBC. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/10/united-airlines-orders-electric-vertical-aircraft-invests-in-urban-air-mobility-spac.html

Lombardo, J. (2021, March 16). Eight states testing user-based mechanisms for highway funding. For Construction Pros.com. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.forconstructionpros.com/infrastructure/news/21330881/eight-states-testing-userbased-mechanisms-for-highway-funding

Lowry, M. (2021, March 16). U.S. Global Change Research Program should shift focus to preparing for and avoiding worst potential consequences of climate change, says new report. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2021/03/u-s-global-change-research-program-should-shift-focus-to-preparing-for-and-avoiding-worst-potential-consequences-of-climate-change-says-new-report

Lydersen, K. (2020, July 29). Advocates say pandemic highlights need for equity in electric transportation. Energy News Network. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://energynews.us/2020/07/29/advocates-say-pandemic-highlights-need-for-equity-in-electric-transportation/

Madhavan, G., G. Poste, W.B. Rouse (eds.). (2020). The Bridge. Linking engineering and society. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.nae.edu/File.aspx?id=244667

Markets and Markets. (2020). Power Electronics Market with COVID-19 Impact Analysis by Device Type (Power Discrete, Power Module and Power ICs), Material (Silicon, Silicon Carbide and Gallium Carbide), Voltage (Low Voltage, Medium Voltage and High Voltage), Vertical (ICT, Consumer Electronics, Industrial, Automotive & Transportation, Aerospace & Defense), and Geography – Global Forecast to 2025. Markets and Markets. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/power-electronics-market-204729766.html

Marsh & McLennan Agency. (2018, October 25). Top 10 future transportation innovations. Marsh & McLennan Agency. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.marshmma.com/blog/top-10-future-transportation-innovations

Matteson, S. (2021, March 8). The future of infrastructure: the tech tools that will be needed for IT and end users. TechRepublic. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-future-of-infrastructure-the-tech-tools-that-will-be-needed-for-it-and-end-users

McEwen, M. (2020, October 20). Texas transportation group works to address broadband. Government Technology. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/network/texas-transportation-group-works-to-address-broadband.html

McFarland, M. (2021, March 5). Your self-driving car still isn’t ready. Smarter roads might change that. CNN Business. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/05/cars/cavnue-self-driving-lanes/index.html

McKinsey & Company. (2020, December 15). From no mobility to future mobility: where COVID-19 has accelerated change. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/from-no-mobility-to-future-mobility-where-covid-19-has-accelerated-change#

Metz, R. (2021, February 26). McDonald’s and other chains are giving their drive-thrus the Jetsons treatment. CNN Business. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/26/tech/mcdonalds-drive-thru-artificial-intelligence/index.html

Michal, K. (2021, February 15). Books to read if you’re looking for a brush-up on work history. Ladders. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.theladders.com/career-advice/books-to-read-if-youre-looking-for-a-brush-up-on-work-history

Miller, B. (2021, March 11). Micromobility data startup Populus raises $5M from investors. Government Technology. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/biz/micromobility-data-startup-populus-raises-5m-from-investors.html

Miller, G.E. (2021, April 4). Transportation costs in the U.S.: the 2nd highest expense category. 20 Something Finance. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://20somethingfinance.com/transportation-costs/

Miller, Y. and K. Huber. (2021, March 3). New plan recommends nature-based solutions to manage stormwater flooding in North Carolina. The PEW Charitable Trusts. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2021/03/03/new-plan-recommends-nature-based-solutions-to-manage-stormwater-flooding-in-north-carolina

Mire, S. (2019, June 30). What’s the future of transportation? 16 experts share their insights. Disruptor Daily. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.disruptordaily.com/future-of-transportation/

Morales, L. (2021, March 19). Generator-equipped EVs could help during weather emergencies. Government Technology. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/fs/generator-equipped-evs-could-help-during-weather-emergencies.html

Morris, J. (2021, March 12). Stimulus package means billions for state and local tech. Government Technology. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/budget-finance/stimulus-package-means-billions-for-state-and-local-tech.html

Napolitano, R., W. Reinhart, J.P. Gevaudan. (2021, March 19). Smart cities built with smart materials. Science. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6535/1200

National Express Transit. (2019, August 23). The future of public transportation in America. National Express Transit. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.nationalexpresstransit.com/blog/the-future-of-public-transportation-in-america/

Naughton, N. and M. Colias. (2021, March 24). Auto dealerships can’t keep up with new models. The global chip shortage is to blame. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/auto-dealerships-face-inventory-squeeze-as-chip-shortage-disrupts-production-11616578202

Neumann, C. (2015, July 1). Big data versus big congestion: using information to improve transport. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/big-data-versus-big-congestion-using-information-to-improve-transport

Newcomb, A. (2016, December 7). Where do we draw the line when it comes to free speech online? NBC News. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/where-do-we-draw-line-when-it-comes-free-speech-n690906

Nicol, W. (2018, December 27). What is the Hyperloop? Here’s everything you need to know. DigitalTrends. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/what-is-the-hyperloop/

Ohnsman, A. (2021, March 27). It’s not Elon Musk’s Hyperloop but car-clogged L.A. may build space-age monorail. Forbes. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2021/03/27/its-not-elon-musks-hyperloop-but-car-clogged-la-may-build-space-age-monorail/?sh=42fc4a22524c

Parsons, J. (2021, March 10). Is the pandemic forcing an evolution in P3 work? Engineering News-Record. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.enr.com/articles/51366-is-the-pandemic-forcing-an-evolution-in-p3-work

Pew Research Center. (2021, April 7). Mobile fact sheet. Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/

Phillips, D. (2019, October 23). Amazon rainforest ‘close to irreversible tipping point.’ The Guardian. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/23/amazon-rainforest-close-to-irreversible-tipping-point

Polzin, S. and T. Choi. (2021, January 14). COVID-19’s effects on the future of Transportation. National Transportation Library. United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/54292

Pramuk, J. (2021, March 11). Biden signs $1.9 trillion Covid relief bill, clearing way for stimulus checks, vaccine aid. CNBC. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/11/biden-1point9-trillion-covid-relief-package-thursday-afternoon.html

Pressgrove, J. (2021, March 19). Texas looking hard at strategies for better broadband access. Government Technology. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/network/texas-looking-hard-at-strategies-for-better-broadband-access.html

Putnam, M. (2021, February 1). Our transportation future: industries collide. The Fuse. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from http://energyfuse.org/our-transportation-future-industries-collide

Remix. (2021). Transportation is changing fast. We help you stay ahead. Remix. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.remix.com/

Reuters. (2021, April 8). Electric trucks may soon challenge diesel if charging hurdle cleared, study shows. Reuters. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-electric-trucks-sei-idUSKBN2BV2B1

Reuters Staff. (2021, March 31). Google, BMW, Volvo, and Samsung SDI sign up to WWF call for temporary ban on deep-sea mining. Reuters. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mining-deepsea/google-bmw-volvo-and-samsung-sdi-sign-up-to-wwf-call-for-temporary-ban-on-deep-sea-mining-idUSKBN2BN144

Robinson, A. (2021, March 31). Zero emission vehicles represent the future of energy efficiency, petroleum and emissions reductions in 2025-2035. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2021/03/zero-emission-vehicles-represent-the-future-of-energy-efficiency-petroleum-and-emissions-reductions-in-2025-2035-new-report-says

Rock Solid. (n.d.). How citizens prefer to access local government services. Rock Solid. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.rocksolid.com/citizen-engagement-research-what-citizens-want-from-local-government

Sammer, T. (2021, February 28). What a 13th-century monk can teach us about managing information overload. The Ladders. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.theladders.com/career-advice/what-a-13th-century-monk-can-teach-us-about-managing-information-overload

Sandre, A. (2017, October 28). 11 companies disrupting the transportation industry. Hackernoon. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://hackernoon.com/12-companies-disrupting-the-transportation-industry-3bb9fc924712

Saxon, S. and M. Stone. (2017, October 9). How container shipping could reinvent itself for the digital age. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-logistics-and-infrastructure/our-insights/how-container-shipping-could-reinvent-itself-for-the-digital-age

Schiavone, L. (2021, January 19). Local gov can build trust by going digital. Government Technology. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/computing/local-gov-can-build-trust-by-going-digital-contributed.html

Shalal, A. and D. Lawder. (2021, April 8). Yellen tells world’s big economies: spend big, danger lurks. Reuters. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-imf-world-bank-usa-yellen-idUSKBN2BV1SU

Shea, R. (2021, January 19). Is the 3-2-2 model the future of work? Expert weighs in. Ladders. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.theladders.com/career-advice/is-the-3-2-2-model-the-future-of-work-expert-weighs-in

Shemkus, S. (2020, October 26). ‘Streets are for people’: Boston reflects on the role of roadways after COVID-19. Energy News Network. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://energynews.us/2020/10/26/in-boston-pandemic-prompts-reflection-on-role-of-streets-after-covid-19-passes/

Silic, A. (2021, February 13). What is Hyperloop and when will it be ready? Discover Magazine. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/what-is-hyperloop-and-when-will-it-be-ready

Silver, P. (n.d.). Video: Modernization, resiliency, and cost savings in transportation enabled by the cloud. AWS. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://pages.awscloud.com/transportation-by-cloud-confirmation.html

Silver, P. (2021). Transportation. AWS. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://aws.amazon.com/stateandlocal/transportation/

Schmitz, P. (2021, March 3). Resiliency in infrastructure part 1: what it means and why now? Tensar Americas Blog. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://info.tensarcorp.com/resiliency-in-infrastructure-what-it-means-and-why-now

Smith, C. (2020, May 14). Mindset shift needed to view infrastructure as a system that serves society. New Civil Engineer. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/mindset-shift-needed-to-view-infrastructure-as-a-system-that-serves-society-14-05-2020/

Smith, P. (2019, March 28). The challenge of drawing a line between objectionable material and freedom of expression online. The Conversation. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://theconversation.com/the-challenge-of-drawing-a-line-between-objectionable-material-and-freedom-of-expression-online-108764

Spohr, M. (2020, December 3). Futurists tell us the most amazing and scary things to expect in the future. BuzzFeed. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.buzzfeed.com/mikespohr/futurologists-expectations

Steele, J. (2021, February 22). CEOs should develop an ambivalent mindset in crises, says UAH professor’s research. The University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.uah.edu/news/items/ceos-should-develop-an-ambivalent-mindset-in-crises-says-uah-professor-s-research

Stout, T. (2020, December 4). Why inductive charging should be considered in any electric vehicle planning effort. HDR. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.hdrinc.com/insights/experts-talk-wireless-power-transfer-and-electric-vehicle-applications-thomas-stout

Subin, S. (2021, February 14). Why one big Wall Street banker is betting flying taxis will replace helicopters. CNBC. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/14/why-wall-street-banker-thinks-flying-taxis-will-replace-helicopters.html

Susaria, A. (2021, February 22). If big tech has the will, here are ways research shows self-regulation can work. Government Technology. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/security/if-big-tech-has-the-will-here-are-ways-research-shows-self-regulation-can-work.html

Tankersley, J. B. Casselman, E. Cochrane. (2021, April 16). Voters like Biden infrastructure plan; G.O.P. still sees an opening on taxes. The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/15/business/economy/infrastructure-economy-biden.html

Teirstein, Z. (2021, March 16). There’s no alternative’: Louisiana’s ambitious plan to stay above water. Grist. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://grist.org/climate/theres-no-alternative-louisianas-ambitious-plan-to-stay-above-water/

Thanis1997. (2018, December 15). Vehicles of the future – future transportation system 2050. The Futurist. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.thefuturist.co/vehicles-of-the-future-future-transportation-system-2050/

The Commission on the Future of Mobility. (2021). The CFM focuses on global mobility issues through six key principles. The Commission on the Future of Mobility. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://futuremobilitycommission.org/global-mobility/

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. (2018). The future interstate report: 10 big ideas for the 21st century. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering, Medicine. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.nap.edu/resource/25334/interstate

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine (2021, March 31). Science Academies of G-7 nations call for action to reach net-zero emissions, reverse declines in biodiversity, and improve data-sharing to prepare for future health emergencies. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2021/03/science-academies-of-g-7-nations-call-for-action-to-reach-net-zero-emissions-reverse-declines-in-biodiversity-and-improve-data-sharing-to-prepare-for-future-health-emergencies

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine (2021, April 29). Our planet, our future: an urgent call for action. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2021/04/nobel-prize-laureates-and-other-experts-issue-urgent-call-for-action-after-our-planet-our-future-summit

Thorbecke, C. (2021, March 26). Economic concerns mount as Suez Canal impasse drags on. ABC News. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://abcnews.go.com/Business/economic-concerns-mount-suez-canal-impasse-drags/story?id=76701958

Threewitt, C. (2012, August 28). 10 futurist predictions in the world of transportation. HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/future-tech/10-futurist-predictions-in-the-world-of-transportation.htm

Turkel, T. (2021, March 17). Quebec’s rollout of electric vehicles holds lessons for Maine. Portland Press Herald. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.pressherald.com/2021/03/17/electric-vehicle-rollout-in-quebec-holds-lessons-for-maine/

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (n.d.). Household spending on transportation: average household spending. Transportation Economic Trends. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://data.bts.gov/stories/s/TET-spending-2-test-/ida7-k95k

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. (2021, January/February). State Transportation Innovation Council deploy homegrown innovations. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/innovation/innovator/issue82/page_01b.html

van Lierop, W. (2020, January 24). How soon will electric vehicles kill the gasoline car? Forbes. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/walvanlierop/2020/01/24/how-soon-will-electric-vehicles-kill-the-gasoline-car/?sh=37bf36893482

vanValkenburgh, J. (2021, March 8 a). Logistics market learns price of success, as new tools emerge. SmartBrief. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.smartbrief.com/original/2021/03/logistics-market-learns-price-success-new-tools-emerge

vanValkenburgh, J. (2021, March 22 b). How lockdowns changed US transportation and what should happen next. SmartBrief. Retrieved June 21, 2021, from https://www.smartbrief.com/original/2021/03/how-lockdowns-changed-us-transportation-and-what-should-happen-next

Vicente, V. (2020, January 21). What is an Internet troll? (and how to handle trolls). How-To-Geek. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.howtogeek.com/465416/what-is-an-internet-troll-and-how-to-handle-trolls/

Wachsman, M. (2021, February 1). Research: what 5G means for edge computing. ZDNet. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.zdnet.com/article/research-what-5g-means-for-edge-computing/

Wehrman, J. (2021, March 11). Increasingly irrelevant gas tax awaits a better idea. Roll Call. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.rollcall.com/2021/03/11/increasingly-irrelevant-gas-tax-awaits-a-better-idea

Westbrook, J.T. (2020, August 25). McLaren will kill its gas cars for EVs just months after hyping up biofuel. Jalopnik. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://jalopnik.com/mclaren-will-kill-its-gas-cars-for-evs-just-months-afte-1844839285

Whalen, J. (2021, April 8). General Motors and Ford halt production at more factories as global semiconductor shortage worsens. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/08/gm-manufacturing-chip-shortage/

Whiteman, L. (2021, April 16). Investing in transportation stocks. The Motley Fool. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/market-sectors/industrials/transportation-stocks/

Woetzel, J., N. Garemo, J. Mischke, M. Hjerpe, R. Palter. (2016, June 14). Bridging global infrastructure gaps. McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/bridging-global-infrastructure-gaps

Woodyatt, A. (2020, October 9). WWF: world faces ‘unraveling’ of nature, ‘unprecedented’ rate of species decline. CNN. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from https://ba.n1info.com/english/news/a460659-wwf-world-faces-unraveling-of-nature-unprecedented-rate-of-species-decline/

Yen, H. (2021, March 19). Buttigieg says Biden plan will usher in new transportation era. Transport Topics. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.ttnews.com/articles/buttigieg-says-biden-plan-will-usher-new-transportation-era

Ziady, H. (2021, March 26). Global shipping was in chaos even before the Suez blockage. Shortages and higher prices loom. CNN Business. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/26/business/global-shipping-supply-chains/index.html

The Mobility Ecosystem: the changing landscape and the need for fresh, new ideas (Part 7: Maximizing Results with Limited Funding)

20 Saturday Feb 2021

Posted by John L. Craig in Alternative Delivery, Asset & Life Cycle Management, Benefit-Cost or BC, Construction, Design, Funding, Intelligent Transportation Systems or ITS, Internet of Things or IoT, Maintenance, Materials, Multimodal Needs Assessment, Needs Assessments, Operations, Partnerships and Collaboration, Performance Measurement and Management, Planning, Program Management, Program or Project Controls, Project Management, Recycling, Relationships, Return on Investment or ROI, Risks, Safety, Scope, Schedule, Budget, Transportation

≈ Leave a comment

There is never enough funding in any organization to meet the needs, much less the wants. The debates to determine funding and how to allocate it are endless and continue to this day at all levels of government (Ryan, 2021). Typically, the effective use of available funding falls to public sector transportation professionals, unless private-sector owners, in conjunction with private sector partners. Thus, it is important to review some analytic tools, methodologies, and aspects for maximizing results with limited funding. These could loosely be considered part of asset management. A more thorough review of asset management, setting a basis, criteria, and priorities, is on the March 6, 2016, article on this website entitled Transportation Asset Management. This discussion merely augments that discussion and is by no means an exhaustive list. In no particular order, these are some of the more important tools, methodologies, and aspects that can help establish priorities and maximize results with limited funding.

Asset Management: Every public and private body is under increasing pressure to justify investment and that it is making the best use of its resources. The essence of asset management is to better prioritize resources to optimize outcomes, basically institutionalizing a business-like approach to managing infrastructure—asset management. The ability to retain, retrieve, and analyze increasing amounts of data in recent decades has enabled evidence-based decision-making on a network scale. Made possible by computers and digital technology, other “big picture” analyses are increasingly emerging to include the discipline of sustainability that facilitates decision-making among economic, social, and environmental realms. Performance metrics also began to evolve at the same time as asset management. The result is a fundamental framework for managing resources or assets:
- Performance measures: what target is desired and achievable
- Asset:
  - Inventory
  - Condition
  - Utilization
  - Value in dollars
- Life-cycle cost prediction: estimate remaining useful life
- Agency or organization cost
- User cost
- Trade-off analysis and investment strategies (by combining the above to produce an optimized budget)—criteria to develop needs priorities
- Develop an emergency fund for unexpected events
- Develop program including asset needs priorities with available funding
  
  Asset management is quite literally the best of continuous improvement. That process never ends. More discussion can be found on this website under transportation asset management.

Scope, Schedule, Budget: This is closely related to Planning, design, below. Regardless, as a program or project is contemplated, a preliminary and final scope, schedule, and budget must be developed. Tied to the next bullet point, it is common for scope to creep or an ill-defined scope to create problems later on. As such, that can lead to schedule and budget problems later. This is especially prevalent in mega and giga programs and projects. The takeaway: spend the time necessary up front to conduct thorough due diligence, planning, risk assessment, and scoping. It is a lot better and a lot less expensive in time, money, and resources to do it right the first time vice the second or more times. Effective and efficient program or project controls are essential to track changes against the baseline contract of scope, schedule, and budget.
Planning, Design: There is no substitute for good, solid planning and design. This in no way discounts good construction, maintenance, operations, materials, and other practices. These can all save or optimize dollars when done right. However, many times problems and opportunities missed can be traced back to the beginning of planning and design. It can be a challenge and take time to get input and reviews from construction, maintenance, operations, stakeholders, and partners. It is worth the effort to do things right or as well as possible at the beginning. Otherwise, time and money will be expended later and opportunities will likely be lost. More broadly, open-source engineering can be more valuable economically and in terms of building on standard design specifications. Thus providing more cost-effective projects, more innovation, improved quality, and scalability. (Shepherd-Smith, 2021).
Needs Assessments, Criteria, and Priorities: This may appear obvious, and as stated above it is discussed in more detail in other blogs. Regardless, this process is essential in setting priorities for what to do first, second, third, and so on in spending on the highest priorities. While many governments do this, all do not. The larger, more capable governments tend to do this a lot more than smaller governmental, typically more rural, cities and counties. This typically manifests itself in state departments of transportation doing thorough needs assessments while smaller, less populated cities and counties have neither the staff or funding to do this. This can be a problem. This can be similar in non-highway modes. One solution is to generate one multimodal needs assessment for states, cities, and counties. To gain consensus on such a mechanism would be Herculean but not impossible. As it is, each entity has its own way of identifying needs and setting priorities and the challenge increases as governments establish “formulas” in an attempt to equitably distribute funding to the highest needs. This manifests itself in several ways such as donor and donee states relative to the federal Highway Trust Fund, earmarks depending on the power of elected officials, competitive grants which typically leave out smaller, more rural communities, and others. These are all an attempt to do the best we can but they also fall short. The net result—the inability to fund the highest needs. While it is true that federal and state highways carry the vast majority of traffic, the needs of rural communities are of equal importance. So, the idea of a multimodal and multigovernmental needs assessment should be aspired to if not accomplished. There are some rare examples of similar efforts in other areas that have been successful such as the State of Iowa developing one common state-city-county design manual. Also, the State of Nebraska requires an annual needs assessment (with inventory, standard criteria, inspections, estimated scope and cost, etc) for their state highway system so that the state legislature has a target to determine funding. Uniquely, Nebraska law has a variable fuel tax that adjusts the state fuel tax to meet that funding, regardless of impacts such as decreased fuel consumption due to pandemics or other unforeseen events. A system that effectively prioritizes limited funding to address the needs of one seamless transportation/mobility system would be invaluable to our society vice each governmental entity struggling on its own. While this may never be achieved, it is worth aspiring to.
Design Exceptions, Practical Design, and Least-cost Planning: Until perhaps the last two decades, the standards for planning and design were fairly rigidly followed, partly due to liability risks of not doing so. That is understandable because of the importance of standards. However, as funding continues to be tight as needs grow, exceptions have increasingly been made. This evolution began as design exceptions to established standards, to somewhat broader exceptions termed practical design, and that has evolved into more recently termed least-cost planning. The core purpose of all is to maximize results with limited funding where a high proportion of benefits can be gained while accepting little or no additional risk. These are of course highly scrutinized for approval but can save considerable dollars. One mega program in Oregon had 275 design exceptions which saved $683 million.
Alternative Delivery Methodologies: Alternative delivery methodologies have been around for decades in the form of contracts of which the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has been one of the more innovative. In 1993 the Design-Build Institute of America (DBIA) agreed upon the term design-build and its use among transportation agencies began to accelerate. Originally established to save time, not money, design-build projects have evolved to save time and money (Figure 8). Other integrated delivery methodologies have also begun to emerge such as design-build-operate, design-build-operate-maintain, construction management-general contractor, public-private-partnerships, and others, each designed for a specific purpose in saving the owner time, money, level of oversight, or all three. The key is that integrated delivery teams can work together, resulting in time and money savings for the owner. Embedded is risk and who has it, but that’s another subject that warrants a paper on its own.

FIGURE 8. Design-build compared to other project delivery methods. Source: DBIA, n.d.

Materials: This may seem out of place but it is not. High-strength steel is a good example of allowing wider gaps to be spanned with fewer vertical supports and girders. Superpave asphalt mixes compete effectively with concrete depending on the costs of oil, cement, and other commodities. Likewise, steel can compete against concrete and accrue savings. Fiberglass reinforced-polymer girders and other corrosion-resistant features have also been employed to extend the design life of bridges to at least 100 years (Knapschaefer, 2021). 3D printed bridges and other structures can save on time and labor (U.S. Bridge, 2021).
Recycling: Recycling is about saving resources and money. Asphalt, concrete, and steel are regularly recycled by owners and construction contractors, through both on-site and off-site processes. Depending on the strength, bridge girders are utilized on other bridges as appropriate. Old rail cars have been recycled as low cost-culverts where appropriate. One of the more innovative recycling methods being studied is to use old wind turbine blades in bridges as well as buildings, etc., rather than placing them in landfills (Stone, 2021).
Engineering Economics: This tool has been around for over 100 years but continues to be relevant although other tools now supplement it and can lead to other conclusions.
Life Cycle Costs: This tool has been around for over 100 years although it has been refined during that time. As our perspectives have increasingly become long-term versus short-term or a human lifetime, the life cycle of infrastructure, vehicles, and other assets have taken on additional meaning relative to least-cost decision-making. Therefore, the life cycle cost of any asset is critical to know.
Return on Investment (ROI): Commonly known as ROI, this is another analytical tool that can have myriad perspectives. That is the ROI in economic terms, jobs created or sustained, environmental values, social values, and so forth. Regardless, knowing the return on dollars expended is a critical part of decision-making.
Benefit-Cost (BC): Benefit-Cost is commonly assessed as a ratio, normally calculated in dollars. Frequently shown as an equation such as a BC ratio of 3:1 or B/C and if the numerator or B is greater than the denominator, then it is concluded to be a benefit. If the numerator or B is less than 1 it is considered a net cost and not a benefit. Nonetheless, this is another important tool in determining investments.
Economies of Scale: This is a methodology that can provide a return on scale. For example, “bundling” projects within a region can reduce mobilization and material delivery costs. Conversely, breaking projects up has the potential to increase competition and reduce costs. While this is not a new concept, it is valuable. The term “bundle” is a relatively new term and is now commonly used. Previously, other terms such as “tied projects” were used to describe the same methodology. Buying materials, equipment, and other assets at scale can also provide economies of scale and reduce costs.
Multimodal Needs Assessments: Typically, needs assessments have been done by asset or mode with critically important and useful outcomes. As mobility has become increasingly multimodal, the question has become how to conduct needs assessments across all modes. Multimodal planning is common but multimodal needs assessments are largely qualitative, not standardized, and not widely accepted. One of the outcomes in the absence of good, repeatable, and reliable multimodal needs assessments is that funding (federal and state) is distributed based on modal assessments, dominated by highways and bridges, and then a somewhat subjective assessment of how to distribute dollars to each mode. Until we achieve a truly standardized multimodal needs assessment with specific criteria, allocating funds to other modes (such as transit and pedestrians) will be a challenge. Generally, transportation is not a particularly partisan topic at governmental levels, partly because it provides objective information to help determine what funds can or will be appropriated and what the long-term implications may be. This is critical for the built environment in which we live.
Operations and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): ITS was one outcome of advancing digital technology. What this allowed was the transportation system to be instrumented with sensors that provide data and information, especially on volume and speed, to a central office that can more quickly and effectively assess and respond to congestion and issues stemming from traffic congestion, crashes, and other incidences. Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) is used for traffic management and control and accounts for the most revenue in the overall ITS market. Although the benefit-costs of ITS vary widely from 2-9:1, others exceed 100:1. One ratio used for comparing ITS to more infrastructure is 8:1, a methodology to get more capacity from the existing roadway. The prudent use of ITS technologies can achieve greater benefit at less cost than more concrete, asphalt, and steel. Related, vehicle pricing systems such as electronic toll collection, congestion pricing, vehicle miles traveled, and other road user charging systems can be cost-effective. In addition, transport and supply chain service providers are seeking cost-effective solutions that ITS can provide to boost their productivity, performance, and profits. On e example developed early in Nebraska was a statewide oversize-overweight permitting system that allowed truckers to efficiently route their trucks and cargo and became an effective decision-making tool.
Internet of Things or IoT: There are benefits to be gained throughout society by leveraging IoT, including in government, and new opportunities are continually being uncovered to improve services and efficiencies (Center for Digital Government, 2019; AT&T, n.d.; ServiceNow, n.d.; Descant, 2019).
Partnerships and Collaboration: It is virtually impossible for any organization to have all the talent, tools, and resources to optimize returns for society, the economy, and our environment. As such, partnerships and collaboration are keys to leveraging the unique strengths of an organization. This is not a new concept, but like the exponential growth of our 4^th Industrial or Digital Age, the need is greater than ever before. These strategies continue to grow (Salesforce, n.d.).
Program and Project Management: Good program and project management begins and ends with good leadership. The team is all-important since they are the ones that get work done. As such, good leadership can make a team better while bad leadership can destroy a team. This easily translates to improved or decreased performance, costs, and profits. This topic is also discussed in other blogs on leadership, program, and project management on this website. There are many articles and books on program and project management, one of the most prolific and best is Robert Prieto who publishes regularly in PM World. He also authored one of the most comprehensive books on the subject, “Theory of management of large complex projects” (Prieto, 2015). Also, review PMWorld Journal, https://pmworldjournal.com/welcome, and the Project Management Institute (https://www.pmi.org).
Risk Management: This is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks followed by methodologies to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. The U. S. transportation industry has enormous risk exposure and among the most risk-prone industries in the world. As such, the federal transportation law—Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21^st Century Act, or MAP-21, and signed into law in 2012 (FMCSA, n.d.)—established the requirement for states to develop a risk-based asset management plan. Risk management is a dynamic process and used routinely within the public and private sectors. Without such plans, organizations can be surprised by events with negative financial impact or miss positive opportunities with improved outcomes. The literature on risk management is rich and continues to evolve.
Strong Relationships: This is another topic that might seem odd within a discussion of maximizing results with limited funding. However, the adage “a good relationship can make a bad contract better while a bad relationship can make a good contract worse” reflects the importance of strong relationships. It is common to have disputes but resolving them in a fair and amicable way while preserving the all-important relationships is critical. No one really wins when disputes move to litigation. This topic is further discussed in other blogs on this website, including the importance of trust.
Safety: This may seem an odd topic within the topic of maximizing results with limited funding but the cost in lives, injuries, and property damage is staggering. As has been stated, virtually every transportation organization has the safety of their employees and traveling public as their highest priority. One of these efforts to improve safety, although for NASCAR racing, has important implications for the traveling public (Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, n.d.; Wikipedia, 2021). The work towards a safer built environment will likely never end.

This is by no means meant to be an exhaustive list and is only intended as a sample. The search to reduce costs is part of continuous improvement and that never ends. There are some very simple changes that cumulatively can have huge impacts including the use of LED bulbs in traffic signals and buildings, the use of highly reflective tape rather than electric lit signs, shutting off computers during overnight hours, and so on. This, again, is in no way a substitute for sound and skilled planning, project development, design, construction, maintenance, and operations, all of which continue to evolve and improve within their own discipline.

The Biden Administration recently announced through their Infrastructure for Rebuilding America grants or INFRA some of the above tools and methods as part of their criteria in addition to other related criteria such as climate change, environmental justice, and racial equity (Ichniowski, 2021). Still, other technologies are being advanced with their own inherent efficiencies (New Hampshire Union Leader, 2021; VIA, n.d.; LeBeau, 2021; Danko, 2021; Ewoldsen, 2021). Other technologies that may seem a bit far-fetched continue to advance and may be part of a transportation future and at less cost (Levy, 2021; Subin, 2021; Halvorson, 2021). Still, other areas are advancing, including space, and may well have cost-effective impacts on our futures on earth (Adams, 2021; Hughes, 2020).

Citations

Adams, R. D. (2021, January 21). AI spacefarers and cosmic testbeds: robust robotic systems forge path for human space exploration. TechRepublic. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/ai-spacefarers-and-cosmic-testbeds-robust-robotic-systems-forge-path-for-human-space-exploration

AT&T (n.d.) Creating Better Communities. Government Technology. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://media.erepublic.com/document/GT18_HANDBOOK_ATT_Slides_V.pdf

Center for Digital Government. (2019). IoT innovation: how government is uncovering new opportunities. Center for Digital Government sponsored by Cisco. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://media.erepublic.com/document/CDG18_WHITE_PAPER_Cisco-IoT-NewOps_V.pdf

Danko, P. (2021, February 3). Arcimoto’s latest stock surge gives it $1B market cap. Portland Business Journal. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www-bizjournals-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2021/02/03/arcimotos-market-cap-1b.amp.html

DBIA. (n.d.). Why choose design-build? Design-Build Institute of America. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://dbia.org/what-is-design-build/

Descant, S. (2019, October 29). Chicago collaboration looks to redefine modern transportation. Government Technology. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.govtech.com/transportation/Chicago-Collaboration-Looks-to-Redefine-Modern-Transportation.html

Ewoldsen, B. (2021, January 21). New mobility services combined with transit show potential to further accessibility, efficiency, equity, safety, and sustainability. Transportation Research Board. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from http://www.trb.org/main/blurbs/181729.aspx

FMCSA. (n.d.). MAP-21 – moving ahead for progress in the 21st century act. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/mission/policy/map-21-moving-ahead-progress-21st-century-act

Halvorson, B. (2021, February 15). Toyota claims the 2021 Mirai fuel-cell car cleans the air, calls it “minus emissions.” Green Car Reports. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1131268_toyota-claims-the-2021-mirai-fuel-cell-car-cleans-the-air-calls-it-minus-emissions

Hughes, O. (2020, November 25). To the moon and beyond: the robots that are blazing a trail for human space exploration. TechRepublic. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/to-the-moon-and-beyond-the-robots-that-are-blazing-a-trail-for-human-space-exploration

Ichniowski, T. (2021, February 17). Biden administration adds new climate objective for INFRA grants. Engineering News-Record. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.enr.com/articles/51239-biden-administration-adds-new-climate-objective-for-infra-grants

Knapschaefer, J. (2021, January 25). Novel fiberglass birders extend life of Maine bridge. Engineering News-Record. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.enr.com/articles/51086-novel-fiberglass-girders-extend-life-of-maine-bridge

LeBeau, P. (2021, February 10). United Airlines orders electric vertical aircraft, invests in urban air mobility SPAC. CNBC Evolve. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/10/united-airlines-orders-electric-vertical-aircraft-invests-in-urban-air-mobility-spac.html

Levy, M.G. (2021, February 12). Researchers levitated a small tray using nothing but light. Wired. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.wired.com/story/researchers-levitated-a-small-tray-using-nothing-but-light/

Midwest Roadside Safety Facility. (n.d.). The safer barrier. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://mwrsf.unl.edu/saferBarrier.php

New Hampshire Union Leader. (2021, February 15). State-of-the-art traffic signals installed at 17 Dover intersections. New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.unionleader.com/news/safety/state-of-the-art-traffic-signals-installed-at-17-dover-intersections/article_672c26f7-cfcb-5ea2-bd9f-befb1a46d840.html

Prieto, R. (2015). Theory of management of large complex projects. Construction Management Association of America. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299980338_Theory_of_Management_of_Large_Complex_Projects

Salesforce. (n.d.). Accelerating government innovation through collaboration. Salesforce. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://media.erepublic.com/document/GOV19_BRIEF_Salesforce_01_V.pdf

ServiceNow. (n.d.). Redefining service delivery for citizens: best practices and a checklist for success. ServiceNow. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://media.erepublic.com/document/ebook-government-modernizing-csm.pdf

Shepherd-Smith, P. (2021, February 10). Open source engineering has a role to play in digital transformation. New Civil Engineer. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.newcivilengineer.com/opinion/open-source-engineering-has-a-role-to-play-in-digital-transformation-10-02-2021/

Stone, M. (2021, January 8). Today’s wind turbine blades could become tomorrow’s bridges. Grist. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://grist.org/energy/todays-wind-turbine-blades-could-become-tomorrows-bridges/

Subin, S. (2021, February 14). Why one big Wall Street banker is betting flying taxis will replace helicopters. CNBC Evolve. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/14/why-wall-street-banker-thinks-flying-taxis-will-replace-helicopters.html

Thomas, R. (2021, January 29). Lawmakers offer competing priorities for infrastructure plans. The Hill. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://thehill.com/policy/transportation/infrastructure/536595-lawmakers-offer-competing-priorities-for-infrastructure

U.S. Bridge. (2020, March 24). The future of 3D printed bridges and construction. U.S. Bridge. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://usbridge.com/the-future-of-3d-printed-bridges-and-construction/

VIA. (n.d.). Reimagining how the world moves. VIA. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://ridewithvia.com/?utm_source=pardot&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=newsletter_february_2021

Wikipedia. (2021, January 24). Safer barrier. Wikipedia. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFER_barrier

Leadership in Transportation

~ John L. Craig Consulting, LLC

Category Archives: Operations

The Mobility Ecosystem: the changing landscape and the need for fresh, new ideas (Part 7: Maximizing Results with Limited Funding)

Citations